How does Bahrain’s constitutional monarchy work?

Bahrain is a constitutional hereditary monarchy governed under a constitution promulgated in 2002. The king serves as the head of state, while the executive branch consists of a prime minister and a Council of Ministers, all of whom are appointed by the king.1

The legislative branch is bicameral, consisting of two 40-member bodies that serve four-year terms:12
* Consultative Council: Members are appointed by the king.1
* Chamber of Deputies: Members are elected by universal adult suffrage.1

While the 2002 constitution established this framework, critics and observers have noted that it leaves significant governing authority in the hands of the king and the royal family. Although amendments have been introduced to allow parliament to challenge cabinet policies, the legislature possesses limited power to effect change or remove the prime minister. Historically, the political system has faced challenges regarding the balance of power, with opposition groups frequently raising concerns about political reform and the efficacy of the parliamentary process.3