How do summer and winter temperatures differ between the northern and southern Caspian Sea?

The temperature distribution across the Caspian Sea varies significantly between seasons, showing more uniformity in the summer and stark contrasts in the winter.

Summer Temperatures

During the summer months (July to August), air and surface temperatures are relatively evenly distributed across the sea. Average temperatures generally range between 75 and 79 °F (24 and 26 °C), with the southern region being slightly warmer than the north. Localized variations can occur, such as on the eastern shore, where temperatures can reach up to 111 °F (44 °C), or due to upwellings of deep water that may cause sudden drops in surface temperature.12

Winter Temperatures

In contrast, winter temperatures exhibit significant regional differences:
* Northern Caspian: This area experiences a much colder climate, with average monthly temperatures ranging from 14 to 45 °F (-10 to 7 °C). The northern section is prone to ice formation and typically freezes completely by January.12
* Southern Caspian: The southern region remains significantly milder, with average winter temperatures ranging from 46 to 50 °F (8 to 10 °C).12