How do papyrus and water hyacinth affect navigation in Al-Sudd?

In the Al-Sudd region, the growth of papyrus and water hyacinth creates significant obstacles to river travel. These plants, along with other aquatic grasses, form dense, waterlogged masses of vegetation that act as an almost impenetrable barrier to navigation.12

Specifically, the luxuriant growth of papyrus slows the flow of the Al-Jabal River, contributing to the formation of complex swamps and side channels that are difficult to traverse. Similarly, the water hyacinth—an invasive species in the Nile River system—spreads rapidly and actively hinders boat travel in infested areas. Together, these plants create a challenging environment that disrupts transport and fishing activities throughout the region.132