How do heat and frost weathering shape the Kunlun Mountains?

The Kunlun Mountains are characterized by a continental air mass that causes extreme daily and annual temperature fluctuations. In the high-elevation zones, these sharp temperature swings drive intense heat and frost weathering.1

This process of mechanical weathering occurs as rocks expand and contract due to heat, while moisture trapped in rock crevices freezes and expands during cold periods, effectively shattering the stone. This cycle of weathering is highly active in the region, resulting in the production of enormous quantities of loose rock material across the high-altitude landscape.1