How did the region that became Israel pass from Roman and Byzantine rule to Islamic rule?

The transition of the region that became Israel from Byzantine to Islamic rule occurred during the 7th century through a series of military campaigns led by the Rashidun Caliphate.

Following the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam, the caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar I directed military expansion into the Levant. After initial engagements in southern Palestine, the decisive turning point was the Battle of the Yarmouk River in 636, where Muslim forces defeated the Byzantine Empire.123

Following this victory, most of the region fell to the Muslims, with Jerusalem surrendering in 638 and Caesarea in 640. Under the new administration, the region was divided into districts (junds), and while the Byzantine administrative structure was initially maintained, a new Muslim tax system was introduced. Over the subsequent decades, particularly under the Umayyad dynasty, the region underwent significant Arabization and Islamization, transforming the religious and linguistic character of the population.314