How did the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates form the Hindu Kush?

The Hindu Kush mountain range is a product of the ongoing collision between the Indian and Eurasian continental plates, a process that began approximately 50 million years ago.1

As these two massive plates converged, the resulting pressure caused intense crustal deformation and thickening, forcing the Earth's crust upward to form the mountains. This collision is part of a broader tectonic event that has shaped much of Asia's topography; as the Indian plate continues to push northward into the Eurasian continent, it creates significant seismic activity and maintains the high elevations of the region.213

Geologically, the Hindu Kush is characterized by metamorphic rock and Cenozoic-age granites that were intruded during this collision. The range remains actively deforming today, and along with the Pamirs, it constitutes one of the most seismically active intermediate-depth earthquake zones in the world.1