How did the Kololo affect Tswana states during the 19th century?

During the 19th century, the Kololo—a mobile military nation led by Sebetwane—significantly disrupted Tswana states as they migrated through the region.123

Their impact included:

• Conflict with the Ngwaketse: In 1824, the Kololo attacked the Ngwaketse, resulting in the death of their leader, King Makaba II. However, the Ngwaketse successfully counterattacked in 1826, forcing the Kololo to move further north.143
• Displacement of the Tawana: As the Kololo continued their migration through Shoshong toward the Boteti River, they forced the Tawana people to flee northward.14
• Regional Turmoil: The movement of the Kololo was part of a broader period of instability in Southern Africa, characterized by widespread raiding for cattle, ivory, and enslaved people by various groups, including those fleeing coastal raiders.143

Following their departure from the Tswana territories, the Kololo eventually settled near the Chobe River and the upper Zambezi, where they established a kingdom before their final defeat by the Lozi in 1864.124