How did the Kanuri empire of Bornu gain power in southeastern Niger?

The Kanuri empire of Bornu established and maintained its power in southeastern Niger by leveraging its control over critical economic resources and trade networks.1

Specifically, the empire’s influence was built upon:

• Control of Trade: Bornu dominated long-distance trade routes, particularly the string of oases connecting Lake Chad to the Fezzan region via Kawar.1
• Resource Management: The empire secured its authority by controlling various salt-producing sites, which were essential for regional commerce and economic stability.1

For many centuries, this southeastern region of present-day Niger functioned as one of the most important provinces of the Kanuri empire. This dominance persisted until environmental shifts, such as the great drought of the mid-18th century, contributed to the decline of these oasis communities and allowed other groups, such as the Tuareg, to extend their influence over parts of the sedentary south.1