How did the Constitution of Medina unite different groups in the city?

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Petra, Jordan: Khazneh ruins — history of Arabia The Khazneh (“Treasury”), Nabataean ruins at Petra, Jordan.

The Constitution of Medina united the diverse groups of the city by establishing a formal framework for cooperation following the Hijrah in 622 CE.

The document functioned through two primary agreements that integrated the following groups into a single political and social entity:

The Muslim Community: It placed the muhājirūn (early Muslims who emigrated with Muhammad) on equal footing with the eight clans of Medina, known as the anṣār or "helpers." Together, these nine tribes formed the first ummah.1
Jewish Tribes: The constitution also established clear regulations governing the relations between the newly formed Muslim community and the Jewish population of the city, ensuring a structured coexistence.1

By defining these relationships, the document provided a foundation for collective security and social order among the disparate clans and religious groups residing in Medina.1