How did the Congress of Vienna change Luxembourg’s status in 1815?

At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the status of Luxembourg was fundamentally altered in several ways:

• Elevation in Status: The congress raised Luxembourg to the status of a grand duchy.12
• Personal Union: It was granted to William I, king of the Netherlands, creating a personal union where Luxembourg was his private possession while maintaining the legal position of an independent state.12
• Territorial Loss: The territory was significantly diminished, as districts east of the Our, Sûre, and Moselle rivers were ceded to Prussia.12
• Strategic Integration: Luxembourg was included in the German Confederation, and a Prussian military garrison was stationed in its capital city.12

This arrangement created a complex political situation, as the grand duchy was simultaneously an independent state, a personal possession of the Dutch king, and a member of the German Confederation.12