How did the 2023 Israeli siege affect supplies of water, electricity, food, and fuel in the Gaza Strip?

On October 9, 2023, following the outbreak of the Israel-Hamas War, Israel ordered a "complete siege" of the Gaza Strip. As a direct result of this directive, the entry of water, electricity, food, and fuel into the territory was cut off.1

This siege significantly restricted the availability of essential resources for the population within the enclave. Throughout the subsequent conflict, the delivery of international aid remained a critical and often difficult challenge, with humanitarian organizations facing severe limitations in their ability to respond to emergencies due to the ongoing military operations and restricted access. The humanitarian situation was further complicated by the displacement of more than 1.4 million Palestinians within the first three weeks of the war.12