How did the 2011 constitutional changes affect presidential term limits in Equatorial Guinea?

The 2011 constitutional changes in Equatorial Guinea introduced a limit of two consecutive presidential terms. However, this restriction was later determined not to be retroactive, meaning it did not apply to the multiple terms President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo had already served prior to the amendment.1234

Critics and observers widely denounced these changes, along with other constitutional adjustments made at the time, as a strategic effort to consolidate the president's grip on power rather than a move toward genuine democratic reform. The referendum itself was also subject to significant criticism, including allegations of harassment, intimidation, and voting irregularities.124