How did relations between Muhammad and the Jewish tribes of Medina change?

Upon Muhammad’s arrival in Medina in 622 CE, he established the Constitution of Medina, a covenant that integrated the Muslim community (ummah) with several Jewish tribes, initially treating them with indulgence.123

However, relations steadily deteriorated over time due to several factors:

• Religious Divergence: As Islam became more distinct from other monotheistic traditions, Muhammad reoriented the direction of prayer from Jerusalem to Mecca and instituted unique practices like the hajj and fasting during Ramadan.24
• Political and Military Conflict: Muhammad increasingly acted against those who did not fully support his leadership or who leaned toward his Meccan opponents. Following major military encounters with the Meccans—such as the battles of Badr, Uhud, and the Battle of the Trench—Muhammad systematically ousted the three main Jewish tribes of Medina.452
• Displacement and Punishment: These conflicts resulted in the expulsion of tribes like the Banu Qaynuqa and the execution of the adult males of the Banu Qurayzah after they failed to support him against Meccan forces.245

While some Jewish groups were later permitted to remain under conditions of paying for protection (dhimmah), the overall trend saw the displacement of Jewish tribes from the region.243