How did people in the savanna woodlands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo support themselves?

In the savanna woodlands of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, historical and contemporary livelihoods have been shaped by both centralized state structures and subsistence practices.

Historically, the southern savanna region was home to powerful state systems, such as the Kongo kingdom and the Luba-Lunda states. These societies developed complex political institutions and were often involved in regional trade, including the exchange of ivory and enslaved people.12

In terms of subsistence, agriculture remains the primary source of food and income for the majority of the population. While specific practices vary, subsistence agriculture is widespread, often involving the cultivation of crops such as cassava, corn, and peanuts. In many savanna areas, land is cleared through burning, and hand tools are used for cultivation. Animal husbandry is also common, with families keeping livestock such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and poultry. Additionally, many people supplement their diets through local hunting and fishing for private consumption.34