How did masks and costumes influence movements in Melanesian impersonation dances?

In Melanesian impersonation dances, the influence of masks and costumes on movement is profound, as these items are often large, otherworldly, and physically cumbersome. Because the dancer is portraying a nonhuman or supernatural being, the attire itself dictates the choreography.1

The physical constraints imposed by these elaborate costumes and masks typically restrict the dancer's movements to the legs and swaying of the body. Because the arms are frequently covered or occupied with steadying the mask and costume—or holding a drum for musical accompaniment—they are rarely used for expressive gestures. Consequently, the dance does not aim to interpret recited poetry; instead, the movements are limited by the attire, while the accompanying sounds of musical instruments serve to represent the voices of the supernatural beings being impersonated.1

By donning these masks and costumes, the performer loses their individual identity and assumes the character of the spirit, often acting as a partner to the mask to bring it to life through specific poses and routines.2