How did coal mining contribute to Belgium’s industrialization?

Coal mining was a fundamental driver of Belgium’s industrialization during the 19th century, particularly within the Sambre-Meuse valley. These coal reserves, which had been mined since the 13th century, provided the essential fuel required to power the rapid expansion of Walloon heavy industry.

The availability of coal facilitated the transition from charcoal to coke in blast furnaces, which allowed for the localization of iron and steel production directly on the coalfields to minimize transportation costs. This industrial growth was further supported by a sophisticated industrial banking system, which provided the necessary capital to mechanize these sectors. While the Sambre-Meuse valley served as the primary industrial hub, coal was also extracted in the Kempenland region of northeastern Belgium. By the late 20th century, however, these coal reserves were exhausted, leading to the closure of the mines and a shift in the country's economic focus.12