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How did Uzbek and Afghan raids affect Mashhad?
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Mashhad
Shrine of the imam ʿAlī al-Riḍā, Mashhad, Iran.
Repeated raids and invasions by Uzbek and Afghan forces significantly impacted Mashhad throughout its history. These attacks caused damage to the city’s architectural landmarks, including the shrine of ‘Alī al-Riḍā and the Friday Mosque, and resulted in widespread suffering for the local population.1
Beyond the physical destruction, these persistent incursions had the long-term effect of isolating both the city and its surrounding province for extended periods.1