How did Umar II's reforms affect non-Arab Muslims in the Umayyad empire?

During the Umayyad caliphate, non-Arab Muslims, known as the mawālī, faced significant social and economic inequality compared to their Arab counterparts. To address this growing discontent and preserve the integrity of the state, the caliph Umar II implemented key fiscal reforms during his reign (717–720).123

His primary reform was to grant the mawālī the same fiscal rights as Arab Muslims. By placing all Muslims on an equal footing regardless of their ethnicity, Umar II sought to mollify the mawālī and align the empire more closely with original Islamic principles. However, while these reforms were intended to stabilize the caliphate by appealing to a broader segment of the population, they also contributed to a financial crisis for the Umayyad state. Despite his efforts to consolidate the empire internally, the underlying social tensions and the economic impact of these changes remained significant challenges for the dynasty.13