How did Peter the Great gain control of Estonia’s Baltic provinces?

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Peter the Great gained control of Estonia and the other Baltic provinces by waging the Great Northern War (1700–1721) against Sweden.123

To challenge Swedish dominance in the region, Peter formed a grand alliance with Saxony and Denmark-Norway. Following the decisive Russian victory over Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava in 1709, Russian forces successfully seized control of Livonia.312

The local Baltic barons, who were resentful of the Swedish crown's policy of estate reversion, offered no resistance to the Russian advance. The conflict concluded with the Peace of Nystad in 1721, under which Sweden formally ceded its Baltic provinces to Russia.123