How did Pakistan's economy change from an agriculture-based economy after independence?

Following independence, Pakistan’s economy transitioned from a primarily agricultural base to a more diversified mixed economy.1

Initial industrialization efforts began in 1949, focusing on processing raw agricultural materials like cotton for domestic use and export. Over time, the government encouraged import-substitution industries, shifting production from consumer goods to intermediate and capital goods, such as chemicals and fertilizers.2

The economic structure has undergone several shifts:
* Nationalization and Privatization: Significant sectors, including manufacturing and finance, were nationalized in the 1970s, followed by a move toward privatization starting in the 1990s.13
* Islamic Economic Reforms: In the 1980s, the government introduced an "Islamic" economy, which prohibited interest-based loans and mandated religious taxes like zakāt and ushr.13
* Sectoral Growth: Today, trade and services constitute the largest component of the economy. Agriculture now contributes roughly one-fifth of the gross domestic product, while manufacturing provides about one-sixth.1

Despite steady growth, rapid population increases have resulted in only slow gains in per capita income. Economic prosperity remains concentrated in industrialized regions like Karachi and Lahore.1