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How did Odia develop from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit?

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Puri: Jagannatha temple — Odisha Jagannatha temple, Puri, Odisha, India.

Odia is a member of the Indo-Aryan language family and is derived from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.1

As a language belonging to the eastern group of the Indo-Aryan family, Odia evolved through the linguistic shifts that characterized the transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. While the Apabhramsha languages—which emerged from the final phase of Middle Indo-Aryan—represented a departure from earlier synthetic forms, they paved the way for the development of modern regional languages like Odia.123

Odia is considered the oldest of the eastern Indo-Aryan group and arguably dates back to the 10th century CE. During its early development, it remained closely linked to other regional languages, being nearly indistinguishable from Bengali until the 11th century. Over time, the language was further shaped by its unique historical context in Odisha, incorporating influences from Dravidian languages as well as various foreign languages, including Arabic and Persian.1