How did Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo affect Brussels?

Following Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, Brussels underwent significant political and physical transformations. A primary consequence of the defeat was the creation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, which reunited the southern and northern provinces that had been separated since the 16th century.1

During this 15-year period (1815–1830), Brussels shared the status of capital with The Hague. The city’s appearance changed appreciably, most notably through the demolition of its old city walls between 1810 and 1840, which were replaced by tree-lined boulevards. Additionally, the construction of the Brussels-Charleroi Canal facilitated improved waterborne transport.1

Ultimately, the tensions arising from this union—including dissatisfaction with the Dutch-dominated government—led to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. Brussels played a central role in this uprising, and upon achieving independence, the city was officially named the capital of the new Kingdom of Belgium.1