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How did Muslim rule begin in Gujarat around 1299?
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Muslim rule in Gujarat began in approximately 1299 following the defeat of the Vaghela dynasty ruler, Karnadeva Vaghela, by Ala al-Din Khalji, the sultan of the Delhi sultanate.1
Under the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Delhi sultanate expanded its influence significantly, transforming into an imperial power. Ala al-Din’s military campaigns were instrumental in this transition, as he successfully conquered Gujarat and various fortified regions in Rajasthan, while also reducing several Hindu kingdoms in southern India to vassalage.12