How did Muhammad take control of Mecca in 630?

In 630, Muhammad took control of Mecca after a series of escalating tensions and military engagements with the Quraysh tribe. Following the Pact of Al-Hudaybiyah in 628, which established a truce and allowed for a future Muslim pilgrimage, the treaty was eventually denounced by Muhammad after Meccan allies attacked his own allies.1

In response to this breach, Muhammad marched a substantial army toward Mecca in 630. Rather than engaging in a violent siege, the town submitted to his forces, and Muhammad declared an amnesty for its inhabitants. The Quraysh were permitted to convert to Islam without shame, and the city’s central shrine, the Ka'bah, was subsequently cleared of idols to serve as the focal point of the growing Muslim community. This event marked a pivotal moment in the unification of Arabia under the leadership of Muhammad.123