How did Lebanon achieve full independence from France and Britain by 1946?

Lebanon’s path to full independence was a complex process involving nationalist mobilization, diplomatic pressure, and the eventual withdrawal of foreign military forces.

Following the occupation of Lebanon by British and Free French troops in 1941, the Free French representative proclaimed the country's independence, a move supported by the British government. However, the French remained reluctant to relinquish control. In 1943, nationalist elections led to the presidency of Bishara al-Khuri, whose government moved to eliminate French influence through constitutional changes.12

When the French arrested the president and his government on November 11, 1943, an insurrection ensued. This prompted critical British diplomatic intervention, forcing the French to restore the government and transfer powers. While independence was formally proclaimed on November 22, 1943, full sovereignty was only realized following a 1945 crisis that secured an agreement for the simultaneous withdrawal of British and French troops. This withdrawal was finalized by the end of 1946, by which time Lebanon had already joined the United Nations and the Arab League.12