How did Kaifeng develop industries in the 20th century?

In the 20th century, Kaifeng experienced an industrial revival that helped the city recover from its long period of marginalization following the 17th-century flooding of the region. This development was primarily driven by the establishment of large chemical-fertilizer works and a tractor-accessories plant.1

Beyond these specific facilities, the city expanded its industrial base by building upon its traditional handicraft sectors, such as cotton textiles and the production of iron implements. In the contemporary era, Kaifeng has further diversified its economy to become a center for engineering—specifically the production of agricultural machinery—as well as a zinc industry and a significant chemical industry. This industrial expansion occurred despite the city being bypassed by major north-south rail lines, though it remains connected to the national network via the east-west Longhai Railway.2