How did Japanese occupation affect Beiping between 1937 and 1945?

In July 1937, Japanese forces occupied Peiping (now Beijing) and Tianjin as part of their rapid military expansion during the Second Sino-Japanese War.1

The occupation significantly disrupted established patterns of political and military control in the region. While Japan maintained dominance over major cities and railway lines, its control was frequently challenged in surrounding rural areas by guerrilla bands, including those associated with the Eighth Route Army, which operated in the mountains and plains of North China.1

Throughout the occupation, Japan struggled to secure the cooperation of the local population or to recruit capable Chinese officials for the puppet regimes it attempted to establish. These administrations remained entirely dependent on the approval of Japanese authorities, and Japan was largely unsuccessful in its efforts to win genuine support or reduce its military burden in the occupied territories.12