How did Islam become connected to Algerian national identity?

Islam became a fundamental pillar of Algerian national identity primarily through the country's struggle against French colonial rule. As the French established political, economic, and social dominance over the native population, Islam served as a vital source of unity and cultural resistance.12

During the colonial era, traditional religious institutions—including mosques and madrasahs (religious schools)—provided a framework for maintaining Algerian identity in the face of foreign occupation. Furthermore, the influence of Sufi brotherhoods and marabouts, who were venerated as spiritual leaders and healers, played a significant role in mobilizing local defense of the country and its faith.1

By positioning itself against the colonial power, Islam evolved from a shared religious practice into an integral component of Algerian nationalism. Following independence, the state has continued to affirm this Islamic heritage, though the role of religion in public life remains a subject of ongoing debate and internal tension between secular policies and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.1