How did France establish a protectorate over Madagascar in 1895?

France established a protectorate over Madagascar in 1895 through military force and political coercion. Although the British had recognized Madagascar as a French protectorate in 1890, the Malagasy Prime Minister, Rainilaiarivony, refused to submit to French suzerainty.12

In January 1895, French troops landed at Majunga and advanced toward the capital. On September 30, 1895, French forces occupied Antananarivo. Following this military success, the prime minister was exiled, and the queen was compelled to sign a treaty that formally recognized the French protectorate. She was permitted to remain on the throne, though only as a figurehead. This transition marked the end of the kingdom's resistance to French control, leading shortly thereafter to the island's formal annexation by the French parliament in 1896.1234