How did Algeria gain independence from France in 1962?

Algeria gained its independence from France on July 5, 1962, following the Algerian War of Independence, which lasted from 1954 to 1962.12

The conflict began when the National Liberation Front (FLN) launched a guerrilla war to end French colonial rule. The war involved intense fighting, including the Battle of Algiers (1956–57), and resulted in significant casualties and political instability in France.123

By 1959, French President Charles de Gaulle acknowledged the right of Algerians to self-determination. Despite opposition and terrorism from French settlers and military factions, negotiations between France and the FLN led to a cease-fire agreement signed at Évian-les-Bains in March 1962. Following an overwhelming vote for independence in a national referendum held on July 1, 1962, Algeria officially became a sovereign nation.234