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How are the phases of Earth seen from the Moon related to the Moon’s phases seen from Earth?

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near and far sides of Earth's Moon — Moon (Left) Near side of Earth's Moon, photographed by the Galileo spacecraft on its way to Jupiter. (Right) Far side of the Moon with some of the near side visible (upper right), photographed by the Apollo 16 spacecraft.

The phases of Earth as seen from the Moon are directly related to the lunar phases observed from Earth, as they occur in the exact opposite order.12

Because the Moon and Earth are both illuminated by the Sun, their relative positions determine how much of their sunlit sides are visible to an observer on the other body. For example, when the Moon is in its new moon phase—positioned between Earth and the Sun—the side of the Moon facing Earth is in shadow. Conversely, from the perspective of an observer on the Moon at that same time, Earth would appear as a "full Earth," with its illuminated side fully facing the Moon.12

This inverse relationship continues throughout the entire cycle: as the Moon waxes or wanes from Earth's perspective, Earth undergoes the corresponding opposite phase when viewed from the lunar surface.12