How are Buddhist stories represented through dance at Bhutanese religious festivals?

In Bhutan, dance is a central component of religious festivals, serving as a vital medium to depict the tales, legends, and mythology of Buddhism. These performances, often referred to as ’cham, are deeply rooted in Tibetan Buddhism and function as didactic art forms that communicate religious history and dogma.123

Through elaborate costumes, masks, and rhythmic movements, dancers represent a variety of figures, including:

• Deities and Protectors: Dancers portray dharmapāla (protectors of the faith), who are often depicted with ferocious masks to symbolize the power of Buddhism to overcome evil spirits and negative forces.24
• Historical Figures: Performances often feature representations of Indian teachers of Buddhism and figures like Padmasambhava, who is credited with introducing Buddhism to the region.21
• Symbolic Characters: The dances include characters representing both benevolent forces and monstrous creatures, visually demonstrating the Buddhist belief that religious practice alleviates the fear of demons.2

Accompanied by traditional music—typically featuring drums, cymbals, and long horns—these performances serve to reassure the community of the triumph of good over evil, fostering a sense of spiritual order and prosperity.213