Karl Montevirgen is a professional freelance writer who specializes in the fields of finance, cryptomarkets, content strategy, and the arts. Karl works with several organizations in the equities, futures, physical metals, and blockchain industries. He holds FINRA Series 3 and Series 34 licenses in addition to a dual MFA in critical studies/writing and music composition from the California Institute of the Arts.
Fact-checked byThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Retailing is the selling of goods and services to consumer end users. Retailing is seen as a contrast to wholesaling, which typically involves selling in mass quantities at lower prices.
Open full sized image
Macyâs department store in New York City.
PlusMinus
Retailers frequently buy in bulk from wholesalers, then repackage merchandise for individual sale. A retailerâs profit is based in part on the difference between the wholesale and retail prices of merchandise bought and sold.
Competition in retail
Retailing is extremely competitive, and the rate of failure among retail establishments is relatively high. There are multiple competitive factors:
Price is a primary competitive factor that both digital and physical stores have in common.
Convenience of location affects physical retail establishments.
Efficient delivery systems affect mostly digital-only (but also physical) stores.
Selection and display of merchandise reflects the variety and quality of products being sold.
Promotions and special offers can create a sense of urgency, especially among bargain hunters.
Attractiveness of the retail establishment can affect customersâ shopping experience, brand perception, and overall satisfaction.
Branding and reputation are also critical factors that can increase familiarity, product âstickiness,â and brand loyalty.
Competition has prompted many retail stores to diversify their product offerings. For example, pharmacies often sell food, clothes, office supplies, and tobacco products, among other items traditionally not associated with a pharmacy.
Some stores, like Costco, specialize in selling items in large quantities. Other establishments, like Walmart, operate superstores offering an enormous variety of products at low prices.
Retail goes online
The rise of the Internet gave birth to e-commerce in the 1990s, which brought about a radical shift in the retail space from physical to online stores. People began buying products via personal computers, mobile phones, and other online devices.
To adapt to these changing conditions, many established brick-and-mortar businesses began selling products online, while online-only stores and shopping platforms like Amazon.com and online auction site eBay saw spectacular growth. By the 2010s, this shift led to lower sales in many physical stores, but most retail purchases still happened in person.
