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Modern philosophy: Quick Facts

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Photos

Francis Bacon
English philosopher Thomas Hobbes
René Descartes
Portrait of Benedict de Spinoza, 17th-century Dutch-Jewish philosopher, with shoulder-length dark hair, white collar, and black robe, set against a dark background.
Isaac Newton
John Locke
George Berkeley
Scottish philosopher David Hume
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Profile portrait of Immanuel Kant facing right, framed by a green Ouroboros serpent forming an oval, with a geometric symbol below the frame.
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