history of Peru: Quick Facts

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Flag of Peru with three vertical stripes, red on each side and white in the center, and a central coat of arms featuring a vicuña, cinchona tree, and cornucopia.

Political map of Peru showing its national boundaries with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile, as well as the Pacific Ocean coastline. The map details major cities, regional divisions, and rivers across the country, with a small locator map highlighting Peru's position in South America.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui

Massive zigzag stone walls of the Inca fortress Sacsayhuaman rise above a grassy field, with people walking and the city of Cuzco visible in the background.

Francisco Pizarro

Black and white illustration of Atahuallpa, the last Incan emperor, standing with hands bound as a friar holds a cross before him, surrounded by armed Spanish soldiers and torches.

Map of the Americas in 1780 showing the Spanish and Portuguese viceroyalties. Spanish territories are shaded in green, including the Viceroyalty of New Spain, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of New Granada, and Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata. Portuguese territory, labeled as the Viceroyalty of Brazil, is shaded in purple. Borders between Spanish and Portuguese lands are marked, with amendments from 1750 and 1778 indicated. British territory is shown in the northern part of North America. Ma

José de San Martín

Painting by Jose Gil de Castro of Simon Bolivar standing on a checkered floor, wearing an ornate black military uniform with gold embroidery and holding a sword.

Engraved portrait of Ramon Castilla with a prominent mustache and formal attire, his name printed in the lower right corner.

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