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church and state: Quick Facts

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Innocent III
Innocent III
pope
Digitally restored vector painting of President Thomas Jefferson, shown from the chest up wearing a dark coat and white cravat, with a neutral background.
Thomas Jefferson
president of United States
Painting by Albrecht Durer of Charlemagne in ornate coronation robes and crown, holding a sword and orb, with gold embroidery and regal symbols behind him.
Charlemagne
Holy Roman emperor [747?–814]
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I
queen of England
Oil painting of Peter the Great, emperor of Russia, shown from the waist up wearing armor and a sash, with one hand resting on a cane, against a dark background.
Peter I
emperor of Russia
Gregory VII excommunicating Henry IV
St. Gregory VII
pope
Hans Holbein the Younger: Portrait of Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII
king of England
St. Gregory the Great
St. Gregory the Great
pope
Painting by Jakob Seisenegger showing Emperor Charles V in ornate Renaissance attire standing beside a large hunting dog, with a green curtain in the background.
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor
Photograph of Pope Pius IX
Pius IX
pope
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
emperor of Yuan dynasty
Frederick II
Frederick II
Holy Roman emperor
Portrait of Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein the Younger, showing More in dark robes and a black hat, wearing a gold chain of office, seated against a green and yellow draped background.
Thomas More
English humanist and statesman
Medieval manuscript miniature showing Frederick I as a crowned crusader holding an orb and scepter, with Henry of Schaftlarn kneeling and presenting a book to him.
Frederick I
Holy Roman emperor
King Philip IV
Philip IV
king of France
Henry IV
Henry IV
Holy Roman emperor
Pius XII
Pius XII
pope
Henry IV, undated copperplate engraving.
Henry IV
king of France
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Louis IV
Holy Roman emperor
St. Thomas Becket
St. Thomas Becket
archbishop of Canterbury