Why did many Enlightenment thinkers criticize inherited traditions and established authority?

Enlightenment thinkers criticized inherited traditions and established authority because they prioritized reason as the primary tool for understanding the universe and improving the human condition. By applying rigorous, often mathematical, methodologies to all aspects of life, they concluded that many traditional institutions—such as the Roman Catholic Church and absolute monarchies—were based on arbitrary power rather than natural law or the common good.12

Key reasons for this critical stance included:

• The Supremacy of Reason: Thinkers believed that truth should be established through independent inquiry rather than relying on received authority, such as religious dogma or ancient scientific texts.1
• Natural Rights: Philosophers like John Locke argued that individuals possess inherent rights to life, liberty, and property. They viewed the state as a social contract designed to protect these rights, rather than an extension of divine authority.12
• Social Utility: Many reformers sought to replace oppressive feudal structures and irrational legal systems with policies that promoted the greatest happiness for the greatest number, emphasizing equality before the law.3

Ultimately, these thinkers challenged the status quo to advocate for a society based on democracy, individual freedom, and secular ethics.12