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Why did Charles I summon the Long Parliament in November 1640?

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Painting of the Battle of Naseby shows cavalry and infantry clashing, with soldiers on horseback leading a charge and fallen fighters on the ground amid the chaos of battle. — English Civil Wars *Battle of Naseby*, by an unknown artist. The victory of the Parliamentarian New Model Army, under Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell, over the Royalist army, commanded by Prince Rupert, at the Battle of Naseby (June 14, 1645) marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War.

King Charles I summoned the Long Parliament in November 1640 primarily because he desperately needed to raise funds to wage the second Bishops’ Wars against the Scots.12

Following his failure to secure subsidies from the Short Parliament earlier that year, Charles had attempted to continue the war without parliamentary support. However, the Scottish Covenanters invaded northern England and achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Newburn in August 1640. Humiliated and facing a military collapse, the king was forced to negotiate with the Scots, who insisted that he recall Parliament to address the political crisis and provide the necessary financial resources to buy them off. Acting on the advice of a council of peers, Charles convened the new Parliament at Westminster in November 1640.3214