Which sister republics did France establish in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Italy?

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During the French Revolutionary Wars, France established a series of "sister republics" in neighboring territories to export revolutionary ideals and secure strategic interests. These republics included:

  • Netherlands: The Batavian Republic was established in 1795 following the French occupation of the United Provinces.12
  • Switzerland: The Helvetic Republic was founded in 1798 after French forces conquered the country.31
  • Italy: Several republics were established across the region, most notably the Cisalpine Republic in the north. Additionally, the Roman Republic was formed in central Italy, and the Parthenopean Republic was established in the south around Naples.1

While these republics were intended to foster democratic governance, they functioned largely as French protectorates, providing financial resources and strategic support for France's ongoing conflicts with other European powers.12