What were the major Israel-Hamas conflicts before October 2023?

Following Hamas's takeover of the Gaza Strip in 2007, the territory became the site of frequent armed conflict between Israel and Hamas. Major escalations occurred in the following years:

• 2008–2009: Following the expiration of a six-month truce, Israel launched air strikes and a ground campaign in response to sustained rocket fire from Gaza. The conflict lasted over three weeks and resulted in significant casualties and destruction.12
• 2012: Israel initiated a series of air strikes in response to increased rocket fire, killing a senior Hamas military commander. Hostilities lasted for about a week before a cease-fire was reached.12
• 2014: Tensions escalated following the abduction and murder of three Israeli teenagers in the West Bank. Israel launched a large-scale offensive involving aerial bombardment and a ground assault to destroy militant infrastructure, including tunnels. The conflict lasted several weeks.12
• 2018: Border protests in Gaza, which included the use of incendiary devices, were met with a violent response from Israeli forces. The violence escalated over several months, involving air strikes and rocket fire.1
• 2021: Following clashes in Jerusalem, Hamas launched rockets into Israel, prompting an 11-day conflict characterized by intense air strikes.12