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What role did Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Riders play at San Juan Hill?

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Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders — Spanish-American War Theodore Roosevelt leading the Rough Riders during the Spanish-American War, 1898; print created by Kurz & Allison.

During the Battle of San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898, the Rough Riders—the 1st Volunteer Cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt—played a pivotal role in the U.S. victory.

The regiment’s primary actions included:

Capture of Kettle Hill: The Rough Riders spearheaded the assault on Kettle Hill, a key position on the San Juan ridgeline. Despite suffering heavy casualties under intense enemy fire, they successfully captured the position.12
Assault on San Juan Ridge: Following the seizure of Kettle Hill, the unit charged across the valley to assist in the capture of San Juan Ridge, which includes San Juan Hill.12

While the Rough Riders are often famously associated with the "uphill charge," it is important to note that they fought on foot during this engagement. Their efforts were part of a broader, integrated offensive that included the Buffalo Soldiers, whom Roosevelt later praised for their exceptional bravery and courage under fire.132