How many Jewish people left Germany before 1939 because of Nazi persecution?

Between 1933 and 1938, the Nazi regime’s campaign of economic boycotts, discriminatory legislation, and state-sponsored violence forced the emigration of approximately half of the 500,000 Jewish people living in Germany in 1933. This indicates that roughly 250,000 Jewish individuals had left the country by that time due to Nazi persecution.1

Following the rise of the Nazi Party to power, the Jewish community faced increasing isolation and systemic efforts to force their departure. While many sought refuge in neighboring countries, the United States, and Palestine, emigration became progressively more difficult as international quotas remained stringent and most nations were unwilling to accept large numbers of refugees. By the time of the Kristallnacht pogrom in November 1938, the window for escape had narrowed significantly, and those who were permitted to leave were often forced to do so without their money or possessions.2341