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How long did it take for western Europe’s population to recover after the Black Death?

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Medieval illustration of Brotherhood of the Cross flagellants in robes and pointed hats walking in procession, some carrying a crucifix and banners, during the Black Death. — Black Death Flagellants in the Netherlands scourging themselves in atonement, believing that the Black Death is a punishment from God for their sins, 1349.

The population of western Europe did not return to its pre-1348 levels until the beginning of the 16th century. The Black Death, which occurred between 1347 and 1351, resulted in a massive loss of life, with estimates suggesting that about one-third of Europe's population perished during the pandemic.12