How did the Ottoman authorities respond to an Armenian protest in Istanbul in 1895?

In September 1895, Ottoman authorities responded to an Armenian protest in Istanbul by suppressing the demonstration, an action that escalated into a massacre. This event was part of a broader series of atrocities known as the Hamidian massacres, which occurred between 1894 and 1896 under the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II.12

These massacres were driven by the Sultan's intent to suppress Armenian national movements and separatist sentiments, which had emerged in the late 19th century with the formation of revolutionary parties like the Hënchak and Dashnaktsutyun. The violent suppression in Istanbul served as a precursor to further mass killings across various Armenian communities throughout the empire, including a notable incident in December 1895 at the cathedral of Urfa.12