How did the Council of Trent respond to Martin Luther's teaching about justification by faith alone?

The Council of Trent (1545–1563) responded to Martin Luther’s teaching of justification by faith alone by formally rejecting and anathematizing it.123

Rather than accepting the Protestant "either/or" emphasis on faith alone, the council established a "both/and" doctrine. It defined justification as a process in which a person is inwardly transformed by cooperating with the divine grace that God bestows gratuitously. Consequently, the council affirmed that justification is achieved through both faith and works, grounded in the authority of both Scripture and church tradition.123

This decision served as a definitive Roman Catholic response to the doctrinal challenges of the Protestant Reformation, effectively drawing a clear line of opposition between Catholic and Protestant theological understandings that persisted for centuries.413