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How did France regain Guyenne in 1451?

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Medieval illustration of the Battle of Crecy shows armored soldiers fighting with swords, shields, and bows as mounted knights and banners fill the background. — Hundred Years’ War Image depicting the Battle of Crécy, during the Hundred Years' War, in which Edward III of England defeated Philip VI of France on August 26, 1346.

In 1451, France regained control of Guyenne by exploiting the political instability within England to launch a strategic military campaign. Under the direction of King Charles VII, French forces systematically captured the towns essential to the region's defense.1

Led by Jean d’Orléans, count of Dunois, the French army successfully encircled Bordeaux, leading to the city's capitulation in June 1451, followed by the surrender of Bayonne in August of that same year. While this effectively ended English rule in the region at the time, the occupation was short-lived; many local inhabitants remained loyal to the English crown and welcomed the return of an English army under John Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury in 1452. The final and permanent restoration of Guyenne to France was only achieved after the French victory at the Battle of Castillon in 1453.12