How did Crusaders raise money for the journey to the Holy Land?

To fund their journeys to the Holy Land, some Crusaders sold or mortgaged their property, often transferring ownership to ecclesiastical foundations. Others chose to bequeath their property to relatives before departing.1

Beyond these individual efforts, the financial and logistical demands of the Crusades were supported by broader institutional structures. Italian cities played a critical role by providing essential shipping and naval aid, and their banking facilities eventually became indispensable to the popes and kings who organized and sustained these expeditions.21