Can catalyst be used outside the field of chemistry?
Yes, absolutely. The noun catalyst has two different meanings, one that is technical and related to chemistry and the other more general. The general meaning is more common. Here are the two definitions of catalyst and some example sentences to show you how the word is used.
1 (technical) : a substance that causes a chemical reaction to happen more quickly
2 (general) : a person or event that quickly causes change or action