Why was the Sokoto caliphate established at Gudu?

Usman dan Fodio established the caliphate at Gudu because his community in Degel had become increasingly threatened by the ruling dynasty of Gobir. Following a period of rising tensions and a specific incident involving the forced liberation of Muslim prisoners, Usman determined that Degel was no longer safe.1

Drawing a parallel to the life of the Prophet Muhammad, Usman performed a hijrah (migration) to Gudu in February 1804. Upon his arrival, he was elected imam (leader) by his followers, and the new caliphate was formally established there as a base to organize the jihad against the unjust rulers of the region.12