Why was Giuseppe Garibaldi arrested after the Battle of Aspromonte in 1862?

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Portrait of Giuseppe Garibaldi wearing a beret and cloak, with a full beard and mustache, looking toward the camera. — Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi, c. 1860–82.

Giuseppe Garibaldi was arrested after the Battle of Aspromonte in 1862 because he had defied the Italian government's orders to halt his expedition against the Papal States.1

Although the Italian government had initially permitted Garibaldi to recruit a volunteer army—ostensibly to attack Austria in the Balkans—he subsequently redirected his forces toward the Papal States. The Italian government, seeking to avoid jeopardizing its diplomatic relations with France, ordered its own military forces to intercept and stop him. During the ensuing confrontation at Aspromonte, Garibaldi was wounded and taken prisoner.1